The whole collection · No. 23 of 36

The stopped clock

For anyone whose plan worked.

1963 · Russell, Human Knowledge (1948); Gettier, “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” (1963)

Where it comes from

A man reads a clock that stopped exactly twelve hours ago. It says three, and it is three. That’s Bertrand Russell’s example (1948). In 1963 Edmund Gettier’s three-page paper, with cases of his own, made the point famous: a belief can be true and justified and still not be knowledge.

How to play it

Ask him the time, as often as you like. Try to catch him being right.

Pick it up

What it teaches (try it first)

Being right isn’t the same as knowing. A plan can work by luck too, and from the outside, luck and understanding look exactly the same.

Ask yourself. Are you sure because you understand why it worked, or because it did?

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